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The sessions for this track:
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The following persons have submitted abstracts to this track:
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The following abstracts were submitted for this track:
| ID | TITLE | ABSTRACT |
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| 373 | Architecting the Future | The intention of the session, and this introductory paper is to layout and discuss the key systems engineering challenges (technical, organizational, and scientific) associated with architecting the future as we would like to see it come to pass (i.e., our evolution to a spacefaring society in earnest). This paper examines Phil Culbertson's Systems Engineering conundrum of "How do you manage the systems engineering of a project when it is not yet understood what is truely required to accomplish it?" and the germane corallary "You can not change the size of an airlock in software!". The paper examines the conceptual evolution necessary to allow a transition from a merely a "Permanent presence" in space to "Communities" of humanity in space. An outline of the key drivers: Technical, Organizational, and Scientific is offered along with an examination of the actuators cast in terms of Technological push and/or Conceptual pull. |
| 431 | The Arts and Space Culture: The Common Ground of Creativity | The Arts and Space Culture: The Common Ground of Creativity This presentation highlights current and proposed collaborations between space artists and space science organizations. Panelists will discuss key points of a report that resulted from the Workshop on Space Artist's Residencies and Collaborations held in February 2005 at Carnegie Mellon University West at the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. |
| 526 | exostructures-all-purpose made in space transportation sytem | One of the main obstacles to space development is the limited size of structures that can have access to space, due to their weight and dimensions. A big size structure, originated and built in space from local resources , such as trasformed materials from minerals in small asteroids or comets in near Earth locations and equipped with navigation systems , engines and fuel tanks, can act as a spaceship for many tasks , such as transportation of heavy equipment, minerals , even passengers and ultimately , as deflecting asteroid means as well as support structures for future space settlements requiring mobility. Such exoskeleton type of structures can be built by sending the proper equipment to a NEO asteroid , be erected and docked to the same asteroid and, when completed, be equipped by a successive mission with the proper engines and navigation equipment from Earth and deflect the asteroid in a desired trajectory such as a cycler one between the most common routes or where , by reutilizing the mineral transformation equipment , build another exostructure for several purposes. In this paper we want to analyze the possibility to build such exostructures, their shape and dimensions, building sequence and potential utilization for different scopes in a mature space industrial and commercial environment. |
| 538 | EXTRA TERRESTRIAL MEDICAL CARE: EARTH APPLICATIONS | Introduction: The diagnosis of health problems in space is problematic due to
limitations in equipment, crew training, and communication delays. Terrestrial
investigations have suggested expanded diagnostic applications of ultrasound in
a variety of medical conditions. We evaluated the ability of just in time
trained astronauts/cosmonauts to perform advanced diagnostic ultrasound in
microgravity (ADUM) scans on the ISS for research and medical contingencies. Methods: Crewmembers (Increments 8-11) received brief, hands on training in ultrasound and completed a short Onboard Proficiency Enhancement (OPE) program prior to scan sessions. Space to ground ultrasound video, and bidirectional audio were used to guide the operators through the ultrasound protocols. Scans of the thorax, abdomen, dental/sinus, ocular, and cardiovascular system were performed once; musculoskeletal scans were repeated on orbit to compare with preflight and post-flight images. These methods were modified to provide terrestrial diagnostic capabilities in sporting (Detroit Tigers, Lions, Redwings, 2006 Winter Olympic Games) and outreach applications. Results: Crew members completed 41 (83 hrs) inflight ultrasound scans using ADUM protocols. Ultrasound examinations provided excellent quality images which could be used to answer numerous in flight medical and research questions. Three publications were published from space; over 20 publications/analysis are pending. The ADUM remote guidance and OPE program are being used by professional sports teams and the Olympics. High school and medical students are learning advanced ultrasound via ADUM/OPE methodology and outreach efforts. Conclusions: Spaceflight requires development of novel strategies for crewmember health problems including the expanded use of ultrasound. Ultrasound can be rapidly performed in space by minimally trained crew members to provide research and medical information; these techniques have profound ramifications for medical care on Earth in remote, underserved, or military applications. |
| 539 | Selling Aesthetic Value is Key to Launching a Multi-Billion Dollar Industry | This paper challenges the emerging space tourism industry to consider the role of design in cultivating consumer interest, generating funds for development, and then accommodating patron’s physical and emotional necessities. Despite a vast economic opportunity awaiting the presence of humans in space, an existing technology and a proven safety record, private enterprise has yet to capitalize on space for tourism. Current companies planning to offer sub-orbital flights to low earth orbit will be competing not only with each other but primarily with the perceptions and expectations of space travel of the general public evoked by artistic visionaries like Chesley Bonestell and movies like Space Odyssey 2001. Companies with terrestrial based concerns have long since learned how to link pleasing aesthetics and design with extraordinary profitable results; it is up to the emerging space industries to emulate such practices for similar financial gains. |
| 542 | ||
| 544 | ||
| 545 | ||
| 555 | Barely affordable SPS using ISRU in LEO. | It may be possible, now, to build a 5 gigawatt space solar power system for
about 10 years revenues at $0.10 per kilowatt hour. This can be done by
utilizing an as yet unused materials stream available in low earth orbit
(LEO). This method is required to lower the costs of this project due to the
massive amount of material to be launched into orbit. The materials stream is
used to create both the structure/frame of the solar collecting and microwave
transmitter beaming satellite in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), and the shell of
the habit/remanufacturing facility in LEO. That materials stream is spent boosters. For many launches with strap on boosters, like the Space Shuttle or the Ariane V, these main boosters can be launched into LEO at some or little payload weight penalty. For the Shuttle, next to none; for the Ariane V, about half of the payload. In LEO, these boosters can be melted down and remanufactured into structural parts for the solar cells and microwave transmitter elements, manufactured on earth. These boosters can also be captured and used to create the shell of the variable gravity, closed ecology, remanufacturing facility in LEO. Earth standard manufacturing hardware will be launched to space in containers which will be stuffed inside the booster shells. These booster shells will be connected and rotated with ion engines to induce an artificial martian gravity at the ends, with variable gravity down the spine. The solar power panels will be manufactured inside the structure and assembled on its frame, then connected to unmanned transport and taken to GEO, where they will be joined with the satellite to increase the power sent to earth. The closed ecology of the remanufacturing facility will save significant money by lessening resupply at $5,000 per pound. The revenues of the project are $40 billion, determined by 10 years of 5 gigawatts of power delivered at $0.10 per kilowatt hour for 8000 hours per year. The costs are primarily determined by the standard launch costs of $5,000 per pound to LEO. They are estimated at $35 billion. Of that, current solar cell costs for 5 gigawatts are $5 billion for the cells and $22.5 billion to launch them to LEO. Ion engines and fuel are used to get the finished modular pieces of the solar power satellite to GEO, so that the costs are also quite reduced. |
| 560 | ||
| 563 | EPHEMERAL COSMOS (space art) | Ephemeral cosmos is an artistic assembly that combines the improvisation of
images by means of manipulation and projection of liquids on movable screen
floors, ceilings and audience, plus the improvisation of sounds, music,
contemporary dance and projections of images sent by the different space probes
This event, presented in the form of a show, is oriented to raise philosophical
concepts, which goals such as:
• To take conscience of the short existence of our species compared to cosmic
time. • To raise the importance of the space exploration and the new frontiers. • To extend a pacifist message as a survival method • To propose a position of humility in opposition to the anthropocentrism that is leading humans and the rest of the species to a dead end road. • And fundamentally, Ephemeral Cosmos is a personal search to find an optimistic message to the anguish that generates certain scientific information to me. Our life is short and ephemeral; we just lived in a small arc on the galactic rotation. This is an artistic contribution for personal insight, directed to a society separated from astronomical knowledge. Life is ephemeral… What will we do with this small instant of existence that we have? Ephemeral cosmos is an always different show since the images and the sounds will never be repeated. My works in space art are destined to the recovery of values like “contemplation” and “self awareness” of our roll like species. |
| 567 | Exploring Frontiers On and Off of Earth | One can not train for a marathon by running marathons; human physiology dictates that you train so by doing something less than a marathon. Space flight naturally lends itself to analog missions where you likewise train by doing something short of an actual space flight. A comparison between being a crew member on the Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) expedition and the International Space Station will be presented and how explorations on Earth naturally leads to analog missions away from Earth. |
| 577 | Ballet Dancers in Space | In Arthur Clarke’s “Islands in the Sky” a class of Space Cadets is taught by
an astronaut who lost his legs while on an expedition to Mercury. Rather than
be a cripple on Earth he chooses to live his life on the Inner Space Station
where zero gravity ameliorates his handicap. In Close Encounters of the Third
Type we are treated to an aliens with a stick figure physique. Science
Fiction has offered a wide variety of physicality to alien life forms. It was
fun to watch the Blob, Well’s Martians, and ET on the movie screen but now as
we venture into space reality dictates a new look at ourselves. We are 1G evolved creatures. In order to become a space faring civilization we must understand the ramifications that space flight will have on our bodies. a. The lunar colony and the adaptation to 1/6thG (1) Muscle development or atrophy. (2) Reproduction (3) Life span (4) Evolution to the point where 1G is no longer viable b. The LaGrange points and maintenance of an artificial gravity. (1) What gravity would be selected (2) Multiple gravity sections to facilitate working and construction (3) Transferability to other gravity fields. c. Mars Flights and a Martian colony. (1) Martian gravity is 1/3rd earth normal. (2) Long duration to arrive at planet, zero g or revolving spacecraft? (3) Reproduction on Martian surface and radiation levels (4) Life span (5) Evolution to where 1G is no longer viable Is Ballet training the solution to training our bodies for spacefaring? If so, what does Ballet training do and what are its effect on the body. a. Muscle mass and body fat ratio, flexibility and Strength. b. Skeletal development. c. Aerobic nature of training regimen d. Grace and dexterity enhancement e. Dietary considerations f. Effects on aging by maintaining regimen. (1) osteoporosis (2) weight gain (3) flexibility (4) longevity When does ballet training begin and how long is it maintained? Does a zero gravity environment effect of minimize the workout? |
| 585 | Food Growth Chamber at the Amundson-Scott New South Pole Station – Experiences for Extreme Environme | Lane Patterson1, Phil Sadler2, Gene Giacomelli3, Merle Jensen4 Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 1Graduate student, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering 2Sadler Machine Company, Tempe, Arizona 3Professor Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering and Director Controlled Environment Agriculture Center 4Professor Emeritus, Department of Plant Sciences Moon Track at the National Space Society's 24th annual International Space Development Conference (ISDC) Moon life support systems Abstract The New South Pole Station includes a Food Growth Chamber (FGC) that provides an appropriate level of advanced technology, which a volunteer staff can operate. The purpose for including the FGC is the psychological effect for satisfying the diet of the station personnel, as well as, for their visual and sensory needs for seeing, feeling, and interacting with plants. This project has resulted in one year of operational experience by station personnel, as well as the operational and educational support by the University of Arizona, Controlled Environment Agriculture Center, Tucson, AZ in collaboration with Sadler Machine Company, Tempe, AZ. Information about crop production, resource utilization, and remote diagnostics practices will be presented. The FGC is divided by a transparent sealed wall into two sections, to separate the Production Room (PR) from the Enviro-room (ER). The PR is a closed, highly controlled and monitored, semi-automated plant growth environmental room with high intensity discharge (HID) lighting, atmospheric CO2 enrichment, and a recirculating hydroponic nutrient delivery system, which has been engineered for achieving the highest production of salad and fruiting crops for the station personnel. The ER is a ‘sitting’ room for station personnel to relax within a semi-tropical atmosphere (elevated humidity and lighting) while viewing the active plant growth of the PR crops through the transparent wall separating the two adjacent rooms. The ER also produces small amounts of a wide variety of edible plants, providing an area for Station hobbyists to enjoy, and it provides personnel with an escape from typical life at the station. Keywords: Food Growth Chamber, Remote diagnostics and control, hydroponic nutrient delivery, water-cooled lamps |
| 586 | Space Arts Institute and Gravity Pulse: Zero Gravity Arts Consortium’s Parabolic Flight for Artists | In this paper the authors will discuss recent historical developments relating to the evolution of art in
space and humanities as new frontiers in space exploration. The authors will focus on the evolution of the Space Arts Institute and Gravity Pulse: Zero Gravity Arts Consortium’s Parabolic Flight for Artists. Project goals, in part, are to fortify the evolution of humanities in space while preparing artists to join the science community when we travel to mars and create space settlements on other planets. We propose that the International Space University inaugurate the first “Space Arts Institute” for the summer of 2008 at ISU in Strasbourg in collaboration with the Studio for Creative Inquiry at Carnegie Mellon University, The National Space Society, and the International Space Development Conference (ISDC) and the Zero Gravity Arts Consortium (ZGAC). The goals of the Space Art Institute is to establish a international interdisciplinary Space Arts Institute for professionals and students from all over the world who are interested in the broader cultural future of arts and humanities related to outer space as well as others involved in science, technology and policy who are similarly interested establishing a focus for all aspects of outer space oriented culture. The Institute would interconnect educational programs, creative projects and research promulgated through conferences, scholarly publications, mass media, and exhibitions. The authors will also discuss their plans to create a comprehensive multi-component, arts and culture in space collaboration, education and public outreach project called Gravity Pulse: Zero Gravity Arts Consortium’s Parabolic Flight For Artists proposed for flight, in collaboration with Zero Gravity Corporation, during the summer of 2007 at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle Landing Facility. Another feature of this flight will be DataFlux: Interactive Webcast of Artists Creating New Works in Microgravity |
| 597 | Artistic and robotic principles for the synthesis of mechanical Martians for Mars exploration | We introduce a novel approach for the synthesis of mechanical Martians to explore the surface of Mars. In particular, we discuss design principles to synthesize mechanical Martians from artistic and robotic perspectives. From artistic perspectives, we first argue and abstract artistic-design principles which are for mechanical Martians to have aspects beautiful and curious to Humans or real Martians, if any; (1) they should have quite a lot of degree of freedoms (i.e. joints), at least 50 degree of freedoms; (2) their bodies should generate slow pulsation movements around 0.5-5 Hz; and (3) they should contain primitive stimulus-response mechanisms to detect and to react to changes of their environments. And we introduce several physically-simulated mechanical Martians synthesized based on these principles, examples of which are sea-anemone-like creature, jelly-fish-like creature, hydra-like creature, and octopus-like creature. We also argue that because of the principles described above, these creature can explore efficiently the surface of Mars, of which surface is full of irregularity and quicksand. And next, from robotics perspectives, we propose a novel model for the emergence of adaptive behaviors, which is instantiated within a physically simulated virtual creature. In particular, we argue a novel model based on Sartre's theory of emotions, and show that the creature can find a solution of "dilemma", instances of which are "I want to go there, but I cannot", "I ate too much because I was hungry, so I feel bad now", and so forth. Our experimental results show that the creature solves these dilemmas in an emergent manner, that is, without any explicit knowledge or learning. This result implies that our model is suitable to explore Mars, where autonomous and adaptive behaviors are strongly required. Our approaches toward mechanical Martians will be a link of arts, robots, and space development, as well as a novel inter-disciplinary boundary. |
| 610 | Constructing and Operating a Space Wiki | Wiki technology is a powerful tool for collaboration, but how can the space
development community best use it? What wiki engine is best? What terms should
be chosen for external use of wiki content? How should the wiki be structured
during its bootstrap phase? Lunarpedia is the center of a wiki effort to serve as a collaborative repository for activists, researchers, entrepreneurs, and others. Most of its content is released to the public domain and may be used by anyone for any purpose without any restrictions, commercial or otherwise. It is a partial replacement for the Artemis Databook, which had very similar goals but a very different structure in a pre-wiki Internet. As this abstract is submitted, the state of Lunarpedia and its related sites is rapidly evolving. Trial, error, successes, nonstarters, and discussion of possible options are presently intended. |
| 638 | ||
| 642 | Telepresence Used to teach Robotics Course | An award winning junior-senior level University robotics course at the University of Northern Iowa was co-instructed by Physics professor Dr. Dale Olson in the classroom, and alumnus Randy Dumse, from his office in Dallas Texas. Dumse, president of New Micros Inc., made presentations to the class using bidirectional video Polycom hardware, aided by Power Points provided via WebCT. Every one of the nine students had a notebook computer, used for viewing Power Points, gathering information from the internet, and for programming robots via Blue Tooth. A final contest between the students, then an open competition for Ship-In competitors was held, and was viewed by live webcast around the world. |
| 643 | ||
| 652 | Sensitivity and Trade Studies for Mars Cargo and Crew Transportation | Crew and cargo transportation options for establishing a permanent human Mars outpost are discussed. Methods for launch, in-space transportation, entry, descent and landing of the substantial payloads associated with human Mars settlement are considered, based on current and near-term extrapolated technologies and launch systems. The sensitivity of key figures of merit—in particular, the number of launches from Earth and the probability of payload delivery failure—are evaluated with respect to several variables in Mars mission analysis, as well as the limitations and constraints imposed by our current understanding of Mars Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL). EDL in particular is shown to impose significant limitations on present abilities to perform human Mars exploration. Trade studies are also performed and discussed to identify promising transportation scenarios based on the assumed relative importance and sensitivity of key mission parameters. It is concluded that an initial human Mars outpost may be feasible with existing technologies from the standpoint of transportation, but that severe constraints imposed by our current understanding of EDL significantly limit the ability to conduct such activities as generally advocated in optimistic literature. |
| 665 | ||
| 666 | I propose to do a paper on what I call 'Infinit Arena Economics'. The theme is
that we on Earth are aproaching the end of our gROWTH fRONTEER BECAUSE WE HAVE
A LINITED OR FINIT AMOUNT OF RESOURCES ON OUR PLANET. iNFINIT ARENA eCONOMICS
EXPANDS OUR GROWTH FRONTEER INTO oUTER sPACE. wITH THE EXPANSION INTO oUTER
sPACE WE NOW HAVWE AN 'iNFINIT ARENA TO EXPAND INTO. iF THIS SEEMS
INTERESDTING TO THE COMMITTEE PLEASE LET ME KNOW BY e-mAIL HANK YOY Peter P. palumbo | |
| 682 | ||
| 303 | Roving Mars on the IMAX Screen | Walt Disney's IMAX film "Roving Mars," a unique fusion of Hollywood
filmmaking with NASA science and engineering, is perhaps the most
accurate visualization of a space mission to date. This talk will take
the audience behind the scenes to learn how my team created the
realistic computer animation that makes up one third of the film. I had already worked with principal investigator Steve Squyres to create a digital pre-visualization of the mission before it left the launch pad. This exciting ten-minute animation proved that it was possible to apply Hollywood action/adventure filmmaking techniques while maintaining a very high degree of scientific accuracy, and in part inspired director George Butler to bring the mission to life on the giant IMAX screen. "Roving Mars" was a big step up from my earlier work. The high-resolution IMAX format demanded much more attention to detail and computing power. Our biggest challenge was to incorporate as much actual data from the mission as possible, to illustrate key events as realistically as if a film crew had been sent to Mars along with the rovers. My animation team reconstructed the Martian terrain by making extensive use of rover images and 3D terrain data. In some cases we were able to capture details as small as individual pebbles. The spacecraft landing trajectories and rover dynamics are based on telemetry data provided by NASA. All this added up to twelve minutes of compelling animation that captures the mission more faithfully than any film has done before. I would be happy to bring clips from the film to illustrate my talk. |
The following papers and slide presentations were submitted for this track:
| ID | DATE_ABSTRACT | DATE_ACCEPTED | DATE_PAPER | PAPER | DATE_SLIDE | SLIDE | DATE_PPT | PPT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 682 | 2007-05-15 10:04:27 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 585 | 2006-12-23 15:17:41 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 586 | 2006-12-23 17:30:16 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 597 | 2006-12-24 14:08:33 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 610 | 2006-12-25 03:39:15 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 638 | 2007-04-11 11:12:09 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 642 | 2007-04-12 17:13:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 643 | 2007-04-13 17:54:34 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 652 | 2007-04-17 14:07:51 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 665 | 2007-04-27 10:25:31 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 666 | 2007-04-27 10:29:45 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 577 | 2006-12-22 15:38:49 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 567 | 2006-12-15 22:26:38 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 563 | 2006-12-13 16:20:47 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 2007-04-17 17:27:08 |  | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | ||
| 373 | 2006-04-05 13:54:21 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 431 | 2006-04-22 13:00:41 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 526 | 2006-11-14 17:46:25 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 538 | 2006-11-15 19:26:11 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 539 | 2006-11-17 19:43:15 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 542 | 2006-11-25 13:50:49 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 544 | 2006-11-28 05:51:53 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 545 | 2006-11-28 14:01:10 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 555 | 2006-12-07 03:56:29 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 560 | 2006-12-08 21:22:52 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | |||
| 303 | 2006-03-14 10:23:25 | 2006-03-25 20:23:25 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 |